Ian fraser brammer biography

Ian Frazer

Scottish-born Australian immunologist

For other people named Ian Frazer, see Ian Frazer (disambiguation).

Ian Hector FrazerAC (born 6 January ) is a Scottish-born Australian immunologist, the founding CEO and Director of Research of the Translational Research Institute (Australia).[1] Frazer and Jian Zhou developed and patented the basic technology behind the HPV vaccine against cervical cancer at the University of Queensland.

Researchers at the National Cancer Institute, Georgetown University, and University of Rochester also contributed to the further development of the cervical cancer vaccine in parallel.[2][3]

Education

Frazer was born in Glasgow, Scotland. His parents were medical scientists,[4] and he was drawn to science from a young age.[5]

Frazer attended Aberdeen private school Robert Gordon's College.[4] He chose to pursue medicine over an earlier interest in physics due to physics having fewer research opportunities,[6] and he received his Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, at the University of Edinburgh in and respectively.

It was during this time that he met his wife Caroline, whom he married in His –79 residency was in the Edinburgh Eastern General Hospital, the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary and the Roodlands General Hospital in Haddington.

In /81 Frazer immigrated to Melbourne after he was headhunted by Dr. Ian Mackay at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research[7] to research viral immunology.

In he discovered that the immunodeficiency afflicting homosexuals in San Francisco was also found in the gay men in his hepatitis B study, and in helped to confirm that HIV was a cause.[8] It was also found that another sexually transmitted virus was having a surprising effect: the human papilloma virus (HPV) infection seemed to be inducing precancerous cells.[9]

In he moved to the University of Queensland as a Senior Lecturer, with the opportunity to establish his own research laboratory.

It was here in the Lions Human Immunology Laboratories he continued to research HPV in men, and contributed to HIV research.[10] During this time Frazer also taught at the university and ran diagnostic tests for the Princess Alexandra Hospital and[4] received his Doctor of Medicine qualification in [11]

Breakthrough

On a sabbatical he met virologistJian Zhou, and the two considered the problem of developing a vaccine for HPV – a virus that cannot be cultured without living tissue.[12] Frazer convinced Zhou to join him, and in they began to use molecular biology to synthesize particles in vitro that could mimic the virus.

In March Zhou's wife and fellow researcher, Xiao-Yi Sun,[8] assembled by Zhou's instructions[13] two proteins into a virus-like particle (VLP),[14] resembling the HPV shell, from which HPV vaccine would ultimately be made.[5] The vaccine completely protects unexposed women against four HPV strains responsible for 70% of cervical cancers,[15][16] which kill about , women annually.[17][18] Frazer and Zhou filed a provisional patent in June and began work on developing the vaccine within UQ.

To finance clinical trials, Australian medical company CSL, and later Merck, were sold partial patents.[19] (CSL has the exclusive license to sell Gardasil in New Zealand and Australia, Merck the license elsewhere.)[20]GlaxoSmithKline independently used the same VLP-approach to develop Cervarix, under a later US patent, licensing Frazer's intellectual property in [21]

Later in the research was presented at a US scientific meeting, and Frazer became Director of the Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research at the University of Queensland (later renamed The Diamantina Institute for Cancer, Immunology and Metabolic Medicine, where he held a personal chair as director).

Ian fraser brammer biography wikipedia See Our Privacy Notice. Retrieved May 27, Personal [ edit ]. Financial Times.

After three years in design, Gardasil went into testing, and Frazer became a professor in the university's Department of Medicine. In Frazer completed the first human trials for Gardasil, and became an Australian citizen.[4][14]

Pioneer Patent for VLPs and the HPV vaccine

US. 7,,, titled "Papilloma Virus Vaccines", was granted to co-inventors Ian Frazer and Jian Zhou (posthumously) on 13 January Its U.S.

application was filed on 19 January , but claimed priority under a 20 July PCT filing to the date of an initial [AU] Australian patent application filed on 19 July

Celebrity

In results from the four-year Phase III trials led to Australian and US regulatory approval.[14] Frazer's studies showed % efficacious protective immunity in HPV naïve women, but could not directly test protective immunity (against HPV exposure) in adolescent girls.

As a surrogate test, antibody titer levels in vaccinated 9 to year-old girls was shown high enough to give them the same level of immunity as vaccinated women.[22] It has been suggested that one way to bring cheaper equivalent vaccines to market is to mandate a similar induced immune response.[23]

Frazer administered the first official HPV-vaccination,[24] and was made Queenslander of the Year and Australian of the Year.[25][26]

In the resolution of their US patent lawsuit, Frazer's and Jian Zhou's heirs (Zhou, who died in , was survived by his widow Xiao-Yi Sun and a son Andreas) world-wide rights to the fundamental VLP science, and Frazer's and Zhou's priority to invention of that fundamental VLP science, were both established.[6][21]

After reports of adverse Gardasil reactions, Frazer said "Apart from a very, very rare instance where you get an allergic reaction from the vaccine, which is about one in a million, there is nothing else that can be directly attributable to the vaccine."[27] Ian Frazer is one of the "most trusted" Australians, and some critics have accused Gardasil's advocates of exploiting patriotism[28] to promote its rapid Australian release.[29] (Australia's government had the world's most generous coverage for the drug, though it is the nation with the lowest cervical cancer mortality.)[20]

Personal

Ian Frazer lives in Brisbane, Australia with his wife Caroline.

As of , two of his sons are medical students and the third is a veterinary scientist.[30]

Awards and honours

In Frazer received the Australian Biotechnology Award, and has since received more than twenty awards for science: [30]

In Frazer was named as a National Living Treasure by the National Trust of Australia (NSW).[39]

On 11 June , Frazer was named a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) for "eminent service to medical research, particularly through leadership roles in the discovery of the Human Papilloma Virus vaccine and its role in preventing cervical cancer, to higher education and as a supporter of charitable organisations."[40]

Current work

Herpes

In February , it was announced that Frazer's new vaccine against genital herpes has passed human safety trials in a trial of 20 Australians.

The vaccine is designed to prevent new infections.[41]

Research

From February to February , Frazer was the CEO and Director of Research at the Translational Research Institute, a joint initiative of The University of Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, the Mater Medical Research Institute and the Princess Alexandra Hospital.[42] He is researching immunoregulation and immunotherapeutic vaccines, supported by several US and Australian research funding bodies.[43] He is working on a VLP-based vaccine against hepatitis C, and is researching extensions to the VLP production technology for dengue fever and Japanese encephalitis vaccines.

Frazer expects (50% effective) HIV vaccines to be available by [44] He is already overseeing trials of the first vaccine for skin cancer (the Squamous cancer,[45] caused by HPV) which might be ready before [46]

Frazer is the inaugural holder of the Queensland Government Smart State premier's fellowship, worth $ million over 5 years.

He has held continuous research funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) since , mostly relating to papilloma viruses or tumor immunology. He is currently a joint Chief Investigator on an NHMRC program grant and a NHMRC/Wellcome program grant, together worth more than $2 million a year.

Teaching and industry

He teaches immunology to undergraduates and graduate students at the University of Queensland, is Cancer Council Australia president,[47] Chairman of the ACRF's Medical Research Advisory Committee, and advises the WHO and the Gates Foundation on papillomavirus vaccines.

Frazer consults for many pharmaceutical companies on Immunomodulatory drugs, prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines.

He sits on the board of three for-profit small biotech companies and a number of not for profit organisations.

Fellowships

References

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  3. ^King, Madonna (). Ian Frazer: The man who saved a million lives. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. ISBN&#;
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    "Professor Ian Frazer". Talking Heads. Retrieved 29 May

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    (4 March ). "God's Gift to Women". The Weekend Australian Magazine.

  9. ^Frazer, I. H.; Crapper, R. M.; Medley, G.; Brown, T. C.; Mackay, I. R. (20 September ). "Association between anorectal dysplasia, human papillomavirus, and human immunodeficiency virus infection in homosexual men". The Lancet. (): – doi/S(86) PMID&#; S2CID&#;
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    H.; McCamish M; Hay I; North P. (3 October ). "Influence of human immunodeficiency virus antibody testing on sexual behaviour in a "high-risk" population from a "low-risk" city". Med J Aust. (7). Lions Human Immunology Laboratories, University of Queensland, Department of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba.: –8.

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  17. ^ Estimates of the contemporary global mortality rate have remained in the , to , range from to The WHO progress report says that preventable cervical cancer "was responsible in for up to , new cases, and up to , deaths, more than 90% in low- and middle-income countries", but, "According to WHO’s projections, deaths from cervical cancer will rise to , in and to , in " (p.4).

    These projections may be little effected by vaccination programs (anyway unlikely on cost grounds) because "A reduction in cancer incidence and mortality might not be measurable before 10 to 30 years after the vaccine is introduced." (p.5). Other estimates of the problem's scale are broadly in agreement:

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      (25 January ). "UQ Australian of the Year Will Continue Fight for Women's Health". UQ News.

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    "Message in a Bottle The subtle ads for drug giant Glaxo's new cervical-cancer drugs have people talking". Newsweek. Retrieved 29 May

  19. ^Chen, Huanhuan; Wang, Danhong (22 October ).

    Ian fraser brammer biography children Suspects bundled into police vans after homes raided across south Manchester and gun found. These projections may be little effected by vaccination programs anyway unlikely on cost grounds because " A reduction in cancer incidence and mortality might not be measurable before 10 to 30 years after the vaccine is introduced. PMID Education [ edit ].

    "An interview with Jian Zhou's wife, Dr. Xiaoyi Sun". Science Times.

  20. ^ abSiers-Poisson, Judith (18 July ). "Profit Knows No Borders, Selling Gardasil to the Rest of the World". Center for Media and Democracy. Archived from the original on 24 June
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    "Ian Frazer's patent problem". Australian Life Scientist. Archived from the original on 6 April

  22. ^Frazer, I. (November ). "Correlating immunity with protection for HPV infection". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 11. Elsevier: S10 –S doi/s(07) PMID&#; (The % efficacious immunity is against HPV 16 and related cervical cancer indicators.)
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    E.; Guillen, E.; Price, M. (). "University Contributions to the HPV Vaccine and Implications for Access to Vaccines in Developing Countries"(PDF). American Journal of Law & Medicine. 35 (2–3): – doi/ PMID&#; S2CID&#; Archived from the original(PDF) on 27 July Retrieved 7 June

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  45. ^"Professor Ian Hector Frazer FRS". Royal Society. Archived from the original on 13 July Retrieved 18 March
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  48. ^"Companion in the General Division of the Order of Australia (AC)"(PDF). The Queen's Birthday Honours Lists. Official Secretary to the Governor-General of Australia.

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    Ian fraser brammer biography net worth: S2CID Other organizations [ edit ]. Later in the research was presented at a US scientific meeting, and Frazer became Director of the Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research at the University of Queensland later renamed The Diamantina Institute for Cancer, Immunology and Metabolic Medicine , where he held a personal chair as director. The term G-Zero world refers to a breakdown in global leadership brought about by a decline of Western influence and the inability of other nations to fill the void.

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  57. ^"Fellowship | AAHMS – Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences". . Archived from the original on 29 June Retrieved 26 June

External links