Nicolaas bloembergen biography definition

Dutch-born American physicist

Nicolaas Bloembergen (March 11, – September 5, ) was a Dutch-Americanphysicist and Nobel laureate, recognized for his work in developing driving principles behind nonlinear optics for laser spectroscopy.^[1] During his career, he was a professor at Harvard University and later at the University of Arizona and at Leiden University in (as Lorentz Professor).

Bloembergen shared the Nobel Prize in Physics along with Arthur Schawlow and Kai Siegbahn because their work "has had a profound effect on our present knowledge of the constitution of matter" through the use of laser spectroscopy. In particular, Bloembergen was singled out because he "founded a new field of science we now call non-linear optics" by mixing "two or more beams of laser light in order to produce laser light of a different wave length" and thus significantly broaden the laser spectroscopy frequency band.^[2]

Early life

Bloembergen was born in Dordrecht on March 11, , where his father was a chemical engineer and executive.^[2] He had five siblings, with his brother Auke later becoming a legal scholar.^[3] In , Bloembergen entered the University of Utrecht to study physics.

However, during World War II, the German authorities closed the university and Bloembergen spent two years in hiding.^[2]

Career

Graduate studies

Main article: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Bloembergen left the war-ravaged Netherlands in to pursue graduate studies at Harvard University under Professor Edward Mills Purcell.^[4] Through Purcell, Bloembergen was part of the prolific academic lineage tree of J.

J. Thomson, which includes many other Nobel Laureates, beginning with Thomson himself (Physics Nobel, ) and Lord Rayleigh (Physics Nobel, ), Ernest Rutherford (Chemistry Nobel ), Owen Richardson (Physics Nobel, ), and finally Purcell (Physics, Nobel ).^[5] Bloembergen's other influences include John Van Vleck (Physics Nobel, ) and Percy Bridgman (Physics Nobel, ).^[6]

Six weeks before his arrival, Purcell and his graduate students Torrey and Pound discovered nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).^[4] Bloembergen was hired to develop the first NMR machine.

At Harvard he attended lectures by Schwinger, Van Vleck, and Kemble.^[2] Bloembergen's NMR systems are the predecessors of modern-day MRI machines, which are used to examine internal organs and tissues.^[7] Bloembergen's research on NMR led to an interest in masers, which were introduced in and are the predecessors of lasers.^[8]

Bloembergen returned to the Netherlands in , and submitted his thesis Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation at the University of Leiden.^[9] This was because he had completed all the preliminary examinations in the Netherlands, and Cor Gorter of Leiden offered him a postdoctoral appointment there.^[9] He received his Ph.D.

degree from Leiden in , and then was a postdoc at Leiden for about a year.^[2]

Professorship

In , he returned to Harvard as a junior fellow of the Society of Fellows.^[5] In , he became an associate professor; he then became Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Physics in ; Rumford Professor of Physics in ; and Gerhard Gade University Professor in ^[10] In he retired from Harvard.^[10]

In addition, Bloembergen served as a visiting professor.

From to , Bloembergen was a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley.^[2] In –, he was a visiting scientist at the college of optical sciences of the University of Arizona; he became a professor at Arizona in ^[11]

Bloembergen was a member of the board of sponsors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and honorary editor of the Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials.^[12]

Laser spectroscopy

Main article: Laser spectroscopy

By while at Harvard, he experimented with microwave spectroscopy.^[8] Bloembergen had modified the maser of Charles Townes,^[13] and in , Bloembergen developed a crystal maser, which was more powerful than the standard gaseous version.^[9]

With the advent of the laser, he participated in the development of the field of laser spectroscopy, which allows precise observations of atomic structure using lasers.

Following the development of second-harmonic generation by Peter Franken and others in , Bloembergen studied how a new structure of matter is revealed, when one bombards matter with a focused and high-intensity beam of photons. This he termed the study of nonlinear optics. In reflection to his work in a Dutch newspaper in , Bloembergen said: "We took a standard textbook on optics and for each section we asked ourselves what would happen if the intensity was to become very high.

We were almost certain that we were bound to encounter an entirely new type of physics within that domain".^[7]

From this theoretical work, Bloembergen found ways to combine two or more laser sources consisting of photons in the visible light frequency range to generate a single laser source with photons of different frequencies in the infrared and ultraviolet ranges, which extends the amount of atomic detail that can be gathered from laser spectroscopy.^[8]

Personal life and death

Bloembergen met Huberta Deliana Brink (Deli) in while on vacation with his university's Physics Club.

She was able to travel with him to the United States in on a student hospitality exchange program; he proposed to her when they arrived in the States, and were married by on return to Amsterdam.^[14] They were both naturalized as citizens of the United States in ^[10] They had three children.^[14]

Bloembergen died on September 5, , at an assisted living facility in his hometown Tucson, Arizona, of cardiorespiratory failure, at the age of ^[15][16][17]

Biography

In a Dutch biography^[18] was published, and in an English one.^[19]

Awards and Honors

Bloembergen shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Arthur Schawlow, along with Kai Siegbahn.

The Nobel Foundation awarded Bloembergen and Schawlow "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy".^[13][20]

• Corresponding member, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, ^[21]
• Fellow of the American Physical Society, ^[22]
• Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, ^[23]
• Guggenheim Fellow, ^[24]
• Oliver Buckley Prize, American Physical Society, ^[25]
• IEEE Morris N.

  Liebmann Memorial Award, Institute of Radio Engineers, ^[5]

• Member, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., ^[26]
• Stuart Ballantine Medal, Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, ^[5]
• National Medal of Science, President of the United States of America, ^[27]
• Lorentz Medal, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, ^[28]
• Foreign Honorary Member, Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore, ^[29]
• Frederic Ives Medal, Optical Society of America, ^[5]
• Von Humboldt Senior Scientist, ^[5]
• Associé Étranger, Académie des Sciences, Paris, ^[5]
• Member, American Philosophical Society, ^[30]
• Member, German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, ^[31]
• Dirac Medal for the Advancement of Theoretical Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, ^[32]
• Member Emeritus, United States National Academy of Engineering, ^[33]
• Honorary Member, The Optical Society, ^[34]
• Honorary Doctor of Science from Harvard University, ^[35]
• Bijvoet Medal of the Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research of Utrecht University, ^[36]

Legacy

On March 11, , the day of Bloembergen's th birthday, a team of researchers at the University of New South Wales published an article in Nature, demonstrating for the first time the successful coherent control of the nucleus of a single atom using only electric fields, an idea first proposed by Bloembergen back in ^{[37][38][39][40]}

References

External links